Study design: crossover trial
Sample: 104 southern Germany high-school students participants
Students who had had breakfast were compared to ones who had not had breakfast.
Mood was rated in a familiar environment assessing how participants “feel at the moment” using a self-administered questionnaire which covered different dimensions.
- positive / negative affect (happy, well, and cheerful /depressed, unhappy, and queasy)
- information uptake (fascinated, interested, and uninterested)
- arousal (calm, nervous, and agitated)
- alertness (tired, sleepy, and awake)
Consumption of breakfast showed positive effects on students mood with improvements in positive affect (statistically significant estimate p-value=0.016), and alertness (statistically significant estimate p-value=0.004). Researchers found also a breakfast effect on visual spatial memory (statistically significant estimate p-value=0.028).
How do you feel? Have you had breakfast this morning???
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